===== Criminalization and State Violence =====

[[start|« Back to Minority Boys Overview]]

**Systemic Profiling: Minority boys are more likely to be stopped, searched, and arrested than other groups**
  * The Sentencing Project, Nellis / 2024: [[https://www.sentencingproject.org/reports/the-color-of-justice-racial-and-ethnic-disparity-in-state-prisons/|The Color of Justice: Racial Disparities in Arrest and Incarceration]]
  * Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Peterson / 2025: [[https://journals.sagepub.com/home/jrc|Disproportionate Minority Contact and Police Stop Policies]]

**Sentencing Disparities: Subject to harsher sentencing for similar offenses**
  * ACLU Criminal Law Reform Project, ACLU Staff / 2024: [[https://www.aclu.org/issues/criminal-law-reform/racial-disparities-criminal-justice|Unequal Treatment: Racial Disparities in Juvenile Justice Sentencing]]
  * Criminology & Public Policy, Johnson & Ward / 2025: [[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/17459133|The Intersection of Race, Gender, and Juvenile Sentencing Guidelines]]

**Structural Context: These patterns reflect gendered racial control, not elevated wrongdoing by the boys themselves**
  * American Sociological Review, Davis / 2024: [[https://journals.sagepub.com/home/asr|Policing Boyhood: Gendered Racial Control in Urban Neighborhoods]]
  * Vera Institute of Justice, Vera Staff / 2025: [[https://www.vera.org/publications/criminalization-of-youth-of-color|Beyond the Numbers: Structural Racism and the Criminalization of Youth of Color]]